By Natricia Duncan, Caribbean correspondent Brought to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) by the UN general assembly, the case seeks clarification on what states can be held liable for in relation to climate change. It has attracted the attention of numerous countries and organizations, with a record 91 written submissions lodged for consideration before a landmark oral hearing in The Hague this December. The ICJ was only asked to provide an advisory opinion on the issue, but the human rights and global justice lawyer Nikki Reisch said that, while it will not single out specific emitters, the court’s opinion could and should strengthen the legal basis for holding countries accountable for their current and historical environmental damage. “As an authoritative interpretation of states’ obligations under binding international law, the ICJ’s advisory opinion will undoubtedly influence the rising tide of climate litigation around the world,” Reisch said. “Any additional clarity the ICJ provides on the legal obligations of big polluters can only enhance the basis for progress in the climate negotiations, and strengthen the foundations for climate justice and accountability more broadly.” Caribbean leaders facing more frequent and furious storms, with hurricanes such as Maria, Irma, Dorian, and most recently Beryl causing almost total destruction to islands in the regions, say years of diplomacy are failing to bear fruit. Ryan Pinder, the attorney general of the Bahamas, where Hurricane Dorian killed 20, damaged an estimated 13,000 homes and affected more than 76,000 people, said at least 40% of the country’s current debt could be attributed to rebuilding after climate change-related disasters. He added that it has become a fight for the lives and livelihoods of his population. “We have tried diplomacy for many years as a region, as a country. We attend all of the United Nations meetings … we attend COP [climate change conference]. We do all the diplomatic things that are expected of us. As we can see, that has gotten very little traction and the results are minimal. The temperature rise continues. The effects of severe storms in our region continue. “We firmly believe that, in order to make a real impact or a real change, unfortunately, you have to do it where it hurts the most, and that is in the pocketbooks. And we think that pursuing climate justice matters in the courts and in a litigation space is an element of that,” Pinder said. He added that while it is unlikely that the Bahamas would sue a liable developed country, the ICJ case can pave the way for cash injections into Caribbean economies through arrangements such as debt forgiveness. Pinder is also hoping the outcome of the case could help strengthen the argument for a global environmental tax on developed countries and force big emitters to pay into the UN climate change loss and damage fund for vulnerable countries. The Bahamas is one of eight Caribbean countries that have appealed to the ICJ for an outcome that will strengthen the region’s legal position in climate loss and damage claims and negotiations. Notably Grenada and St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) made submissions. The two Caribbean countries are struggling to pick up the pieces after Hurricane Beryl nearly completely obliterated some of their islands last month. The international environmental lawyer Justin Sobion, who is coordinating the Caribbean’s submissions to the ICJ, said Beryl is a striking example of how vulnerable the region is, with extreme and dangerous weather events becoming normalized as the planet heats up. Sobion said the Caribbean’s submissions to the ICJ aim to build a compelling case for a strongly worded opinion that could rescue countries from a “vicious cycle of debt”, fueled by the increasing number of monster storms that erase any rebuilding from previous extreme weather events and plunges countries into another emergency relief, recovery and rebuilding process. He added that Caribbean islands have also responded to criticisms such as the ICJ being used as a political tool or that it has no jurisdiction. “Of course, our response, especially small island states, is that posing the question to the ICJ was agreed by consensus at the United Nations general assembly. So, it’s kind of inaccurate to now say that the court doesn’t have jurisdiction. That should have been raised at the level of the UN general assembly,” Sobion said. While countries eagerly await the oral hearings, which will begin in early December, just after the UN’s Cop29 in Baku, Caribbean leaders are seeking other ways to win support from developed countries. Last month, Grenada’s Dickon Mitchell, SVG’s Ralph Gonsalves and Antigua and Barbuda’s Gaston Browne appealed to the UK government to back a “Marshall Plan” to rebuild their economies after major hurricanes. In response to their letter, Rachel Reeves, the British chancellor, has pledged to work with international partners “to deliver coordinated support on debt to help break the cycle of debt” facing vulnerable countries and to strengthen their resilience.